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For Beauty Pursuer – Exosome Therapy Help to Remove Wrinkles

Wrinkles are always a big enemy of all beauty pursuer. In order to maintain young, many people spend every penny to take care of their skin by buying various skin care products, such as antioxidants, retinoids, and peptides, which are advertised to have the effect of protecting or repairing the skin.

There are even more and more people who choose to inject dermal fillers. Autologous fat or collagen is a relatively safe filling material, but these are difficult to achieve, and it is difficult for these materials to penetrate into the dermis. Thus, the effect of injection usually lasts only a few months. Moreover, frequent injections can also cause a lot of pain.

Exosomes are small vesicles (30-150nm in diameter) containing complex RNA and proteins, mainly derived from multivesicular bodies formed by intracellular lysosomal microsomes. They have received extensive attention in recent years due to its function of mediating cell-to-cell communication and regulating the characteristics of target cells. For example, exosomes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells can significantly reduce the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), while increasing the expression level of collagen in human dermal fibroblasts.

The human epidermis is 50-120 microns thick and the epidermis-dermal thickness is 2−5 mm. Topical treatment of exosomes can reach the epidermis and be absorbed by the human skin. However, efficiency is largely limited due to its poor ability to penetrate the stratum corneum.

Needle-free syringes have been widely used for anesthesia and vaccination due to their safety and efficacy, especially for patients with needle phobia. A needle-free syringe can easily deliver phospholipid vesicles to the skin and can be used as a cosmetic device for exosomal delivery.

This kind of exosome therapycan be traced back to researchers at North Carolina State University who published a research in the ACS Nano journal. The study found that treatment of human skin cells with exosomes of stem cells increased collagen levels and made the cells younger; more importantly, they developed a needle-free device of exosomes therapy, using air jets to deliver the drug into deeper layers of the skin, which can reduce wrinkles caused by exposing to UV light.

In the study, the researchers exposed mice to UVB light for 8 weeks, which accelerated aging and led to wrinkles. The researchers applied exosomes of human skin fibroblasts to certain mice using needle-free syringes. After three weeks, the treated mice showed significantly finer, lighter wrinkles than untreated mice or mice receiving topical retinoic acid, a standard anti-aging drug. Exosomes-treated mice had thicker skin, more collagen as well as less inflammation than the untreated groups.

“This study shows the potential of exosomes in anti-aging treatments,” says a senior scientist in Creative Biolabs, a company providing comprehensive, end-to-end exosome services to support exosome applications in diagnostics and novel therapeutics development. “People can use exosome production developed from donated skin cells from anyone. What’s more, the treatment can also be operated without needles, since exosomes are small particles that can be transported by jet injection.”

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Introduction to Catalytic Characteristics of Enzymes

As biocatalysts, enzymes and general catalysts are the same in many respects. For example, the amount is small but the catalytic efficiency is high. Like general catalysts, enzymes can only change the speed of chemical reactions, not the equilibrium point of chemical reactions. The enzyme itself does not change before and after the reaction, so the relatively low content of the enzyme in the cell can catalyze the change of a large number of substrates in a short time, reflecting the high efficiency of enzyme catalysis. Enzymes can reduce the activation energy of the reaction, but do not change the free energy change (³G) during the reaction, thus speeding up the reaction and shortening the time for the reaction to reach equilibrium, but it does not change the equilibrium constant.

Compared with general catalysts, the catalysis of enzymes shows unique characteristics.

1. High efficiency of enzyme catalysis

The catalytic activity of enzymes is much higher than that of chemical catalysts. For example, catalase (containing Fe2+) and inorganic iron ions both catalyze the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide as follows. 1 mol of catalase can catalyze the decomposition of 5×106 mol of H2O2 in 1 minute. Under the same conditions, 1 mol of the chemical catalyst Fe2+ can only catalyze the decomposition of 6×10-4 mol of H2O2. Compared with the two, the catalytic efficiency of catalase is about 1010 times that of Fe2+.

The level of enzyme catalytic efficiency can be expressed by the concept of turnover number. The conversion number refers to the number of molecules per enzyme molecule that can convert the substrate per minute when the substrate concentration is large enough, that is, the number of molecules that catalyze the chemical change of the substrate. According to the data introduced above, the conversion number of catalase can be calculated as 5×106. The conversion number of most enzymes is around 1,000, and the largest can reach over 106.

(2) High specificity of enzyme catalysis

An enzyme can only act on a certain type or a specific substance. This is the specificity of enzyme action. For example, glycosidic bonds, ester bonds, peptide bonds, etc. can be hydrolyzed by acid-base catalysis, but the enzymes that hydrolyze these chemical bonds are different. They are the corresponding glycosidases, esterases, and peptidases, that is, they are individually specific. It can be hydrolyzed by natural enzymes.

(3) Mild reaction conditions catalyzed by enzymes

Enzymatic reactions generally require mild conditions such as normal temperature, normal pressure, and neutral pH. Because enzymes are proteins, they are prone to lose their activity in environments such as high temperature, strong acid, and alkali. Since enzymes are more sensitive to changes in the external environment and are easily denatured and inactivated, the reaction conditions must be strictly controlled during application.

(4) Adjustability of enzyme activity

Compared with chemical catalysts, another feature of enzyme catalysis is that its catalytic activity can be automatically regulated. Although there are many kinds of chemical reactions in organisms, they are very coordinated and orderly. Changes in substrate concentration, product concentration and environmental conditions may affect enzyme catalytic activity, thereby controlling the coordinated and orderly progress of biochemical reactions. Any disorder and imbalance of the biochemical reaction will inevitably cause the organism to produce disease or even death in severe cases. In order to adapt to changes in the environment and maintain normal life activities, organisms have formed a system that automatically regulates enzyme activities during the long evolutionary process. There are many ways to regulate enzymes, including inhibitor regulation, feedback regulation, covalent modification regulation, zymogen activation, and hormone control.

(5) Enzyme catalytic activity is related to coenzyme, prosthetic group and metal ion

Some enzymes are complex proteins, and the small molecules of coenzymes, cofactor and metal ions are closely related to the catalytic activity of the enzyme. If they are removed, the enzyme loses its activity.

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Pros And Cons Of A Career In Human Resource Management

Deciding on your career can take time and effort. You can choose many career paths, but human resources management is one of the most exciting options. This field has many pros and cons that you should be aware of before deciding. In this blog post, we will discuss the good and bad aspects of a career in human resources management.

Roles of the Human Resource Department
The human Resource department plays a crucial role in every organization. Their primary roles are:
Recruitment and hiring
Training and development
Employer-employee relations
Maintaining company culture
Managing employee benefits
Creating a safe work environment
Handling disciplinary actions
Let’s discuss these roles in brief.

Recruitment and Hiring
The HR department works closely with the organization’s authorities to analyze employees’ requirements and needs. They create a proper recruiting strategy for job postings, screening, interviews, shortlisting, etc.

If you are a person who is looking for a Human Resource Management job in India, then make sure to have proper knowledge and skills related to this field.

Training and Development
The role of HR is much more than it seems to be, as they don’t only hire employees. Instead, they also work on their pieces of training and development. As thes candidate goes through training, they might become more productive for the organization, which will significantly benefit the employer. In comparison, the employees feel more satisfied and valued by their organization. This can also be helpful for the employer and employees.

Employer-employee Relations
HR acts as a bridge between the employer and employees of an organization. The HR department can be regarded as the communicator or mediator responsible for maintaining a strong and healthy relationship between the employer and employees.
By studying for an MBA in Human Resource Management at Hindustan Online – CODE, you will be equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively manage a team of employees. You will learn how to identify talent, assess training needs and implement strategies to motivate staff. Additionally, you will develop the ability to negotiate salaries and benefits packages, as well as resolve conflicts within the workplace. These skills are essential for any HR manager looking to progress in their career.

Maintain Company Culture
Maintaining company culture may include hiring practices, strong employee relations, and ongoing development.
While you seek a job in an organization, you will find that the HR would make you aware and familiar with the organization’s norms, values and vision so that you can stick to it and maintain its culture.

Manage Employee Benefits
Every organization has a different employer benefit program, but the organization’s HR is responsible for managing the benefits of the employees.

Create a Safe Work Environment
Your emotional and physical safety are both the responsibilities of HR. The Human Resource Management department tries to ensure that the employees are safe and well-protected from harassment, intimidation, discrimination, and exploitation.

Handle Disciplinary Actions
Suppose you are thinking of making a career in Human Resource Management. In that case, you need to be smart enough to handle all situations without stressing over them. The HR department is also responsible for handling sensitive and delicate matters like terminations and disciplinary procedures.

Career, Jobs, and Payscale in Human Resource Management
In the 21st century, Human Resource Management plays a vital role in every organization. It is a great career option for the ones who like to recruit, hire, and screen employees. If you are a person who can understand and communicate things better between the employees and the employer, then you can be a great Human Resource Manager.

To make a career in Human Resource Management, you need skills like good communication, leadership qualities, decision-making, problem-solving, teamwork, empathy, active listening, emotional intelligence, adaptability, and interpersonal skills.

Various career options are mentioned below:
Chief HR officer
HR Consultant
Human Resource Manager/ Director
Training and Development Manager
International Human Resource Manager
Executive Recruiter
HR Analytics Specialist
Labour Relations Manager
Employment Manager
Compensation and Benefits Manager

When you begin a job in the HR department, you can enjoy having a good package. In India, the Human Resources management salary ranges between 3 lakhs to 18 lakhs. If you have the right degree, knowledge, and skills, no one can stop you from growing in this field.

Pros and Cons of Being in the HR department
Like every other field, the HR department has its pros and cons. So, let’s know about some of them.
Pros-
Helps in more robust onboarding
Secure top talents
Improves the relationship between employees and employer
Helps in saving time and energy
Manages the overall company culture
Looks after the Performance Management System
Enhances organizational effectiveness
Motivates employees
Handles queries and disputes
Improves human resources planning
Cons-
Conflicts of opinions
Higher competition
Lack of adaptability
Lower recognition value

Conclusion
The HR department has been a most lucrative career option, and the reason behind this is the good Human Resources Management payscale. If you aspire to a career in the HR Department, prepare yourself with the skills required. Choosing to study an MBA in Human Resource Management at Hindustan Online – CODE means that you will benefit from the support of a team of experienced and qualified faculty members.
You will also have access to our state-of-the-art facilities, which include a well-equipped library and computer lab. Therefore, if you are looking for a program that will give you the skills and knowledge you need to succeed in today’s competitive business world, an MBA in Human Resource Management from Hindustan Online – CODE is the right choice.

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